Leventik — a course against the wind (impossible for movement)
By haul — a sharp course to the wind (30-50°)
Broad reach — a course perpendicular to the wind (90°)
Broad reach — a course at an angle to the wind (120-150°)
Fordewind — a course downwind (180°)

Tack — changing tack into the wind
Gybe — changing tack downwind
Backhaul — turning the bow into the wind
Bearing — turning the bow away from the wind

1. Starboard Rule - A vessel seeing another vessel on its starboard side must give way.
2. Sailing Vessel Priority - Motorized vessels give way to sailing vessels.
3. Overtaking - An overtaking vessel keeps clear of the vessel being overtaken.

Personal equipment:
- Life jackets for each crew member
- Safety harnesses and carabiners
- Wetsuits or thermal underwear

Collective equipment:
- Life raft
- Pyrotechnic distress signals
- Radio and EPIRB
- First aid kit

1. Always wear a life jacket in difficult conditions.
2. Use a safety harness when working on deck in a storm.
3. The Captain's word is law.
The Captain bears full legal responsibility for the safety of the vessel and every person on board. His orders at sea are not discussed and are carried out immediately.
If the captain says "put on your life jackets" or "go to your cabins," it is done without further ado.
4. Protect your head and hands.
A yacht is a high-risk environment.
Never place your hands in moving parts of the yacht.
Always watch the boom (the horizontal mast member)—it can strike with great force when turning.
5. Footwear and Deck
On a yacht, wear either barefoot or special white-soled shoes (deck shoes).
Heels, black soles (which leave marks), and dirty street sneakers are strictly prohibited. 6. The One-Hand Rule
Hold on to the boat! When moving, always follow the rule: "One hand for yourself, one for the yacht." Even if the sea seems calm, a stray wave from a passing boat can knock you off your feet.
7. Keep the Toilet (Lavatory) Tidy
Ship plumbing is very fickle.
Never throw toilet paper, toiletries, or leftover food down the toilet. A clogged system at sea not only means expensive repairs but also deprives the entire crew of toilet facilities until they return to the marina.
8. Conservation of Resources
Fresh water and electricity are limited on a yacht (unless you're in a marina).
Take quick showers, turn off faucets, and turn off lights in cabins. Remember: the water tanks can run out at the most inopportune moment. 9. "Man overboard" is no joke.
Never jump into the water while the engine is running or until the captain has given the "swim" command.
If you see someone fall, do not jump in after them. Shout "Man overboard!" loudly and keep an eye on the fallen person, pointing to them with your hand.
10. Smoking and Alcohol
Smoking is permitted only in a strictly designated area (usually at the stern, downwind) to prevent ash from burning sails or upholstery.
Excessive alcohol consumption at sea is taboo. An intoxicated guest on board is a direct safety hazard. The captain reserves the right to prohibit alcohol if the weather worsens.
11. Personal Order
Belongings in the cabin must be secured or hidden in lockers. At sea, any mug or phone left on the table becomes a "flying object" at the first list.
12. Ecology and Ethics
Nothing other than water should be thrown overboard. All trash should be collected in bags.
Also, respect the peace of your neighbors in marinas and bays: after 10:00 PM, music and loud shouting on the water are considered bad manners.

Worsening weather:
- Drop in atmospheric pressure
- Appearance of cirrus clouds
- Strengthening and changing wind direction
- Increased swell

Improving weather:
- Rising pressure
- Clearing skies
- Wind stabilization

Basic sailing gradations:
- 0-3 points — ideal learning conditions
- 4-5 points — comfortable conditions for experienced sailors
- 6-7 points — challenging conditions requiring experience
- 8+ points — stormy conditions

1. Salutation – lowering the flag when meeting yachts
2. Assistance to those in distress – a sailor's sacred duty
3. Respect for the captain – his word is law on board
4. Cleanliness and order – a yachtsman's calling card

1. Check the weather forecast from multiple sources
2. Inspect the yacht – check the condition of the rigging, sails, and engine
3. Prepare a route and notify the yacht club
4. Conduct a briefing for the entire crew

- Start with theoretical training - take courses at a yacht school
- Practice on small yachts in calm weather
- Learn to tie nautical knots - bowline, figure-eight, and sheet
- Master sail handling under the guidance of an instructor

1. Regular practice – go to sea as often as possible
2. Participate in regattas – even as a crew member
3. Learn navigation – work with charts and instruments
4. Improve your technique – practice maneuvers